Almost all commercial printing that we see today is done using the process called lithography. For the art buyer, distinguishing between an original lithograph and a four-color reproduction is not simply a question of semantics. Depending, naturally, upon the quality of the artist, the former may have real value. Regardless of the quality of the artist, the latter is always worth very little.
To fully appreciate the meaning of the term original lithograph, it is important to understand just how one is produced. To determine if a print is an original, you must closely examine how the ink has been applied to the paper. This can be somewhat difficult with the naked eye, but can easily be done with a magnifying glass or jeweler's loupe.
Process lithography always begins with a photograph of something. It can be a photograph of an original painting, a landscape, or a new car. In a laboratory the photograph is separated by a special camera into the four basic color elements which are red, yellow, blue and black. A negative is then made for each color. In the print shop the four-color negatives are used to produce four printing plates. The structure of the images on these plates is that of mechanically spaced dots. These plates are then mounted on a four-color press and all four colors are printed simultaneously. It is possible to proceed from the photograph to the finished product in two days. In viewing a print produced in the above manner through a magnifying glass, the four standard-colored inks will appear as dots neatly arranged in rows. This tells you the plates were made photo-mechanically, and not by an artist's hand.
By contrast, each plate used in the printing of an original lithograph has been hand drawn by the artist. In viewing the product of this process under the magnifying glass, the colors will appear either as a continuous tone, or as very irregular, oddly shaped, colored dots. In all cases this reflects the artist's various methods and tools. As many as fifty different colors may be used in one work, each one requiring a separate plate. Every one of the inks for an original print is specially mixed by the artist and the printing process is similar to paint being blended and layered on a painting.
